How we forecast bond returns
The starting yield is the starting point
A bond yield describes promised payments relative to today's price. It is not a guaranteed fund return or simply the cash distribution rate. A fund changes its holdings, reinvests income and can experience defaults and price changes. Our current issuer models use dated portfolio yields and duration rather than an old asset-manager total-return forecast.
Duration and reinvestment
A duration of five years means a one percentage-point rise in yield initially lowers price by roughly 5%, before income, convexity and changes in duration. In the model, each month earns income at the midpoint yield and experiences that month's small price change. Subsequent income is reinvested at the new yield. Monthly wealth changes compound across the selected three-, five- or ten-year horizon.
The central case holds yields constant. Rate scenarios are assumed paths, not predictions extracted from policy futures. Credit and callable-bond risks need their own assumptions; duration alone does not capture all of them.
Treasuries and the G7 government basket
US intermediate Treasuries use IEF, long Treasuries use TLT, and global government bonds use the disclosed IGLO G7 proxy. Their current central case uses portfolio yield with no default deduction or extra roll-down gain. That zero deduction is a modelling assumption, not a statement that all governments are risk-free. CAD intermediate Treasuries have both unhedged and rolling-hedge forecasts with matching historical risk inputs.
Current government observations and the CAD hedge calculationTwelve current credit and international bond models
These twelve classes use dated issuer portfolio observations, replacing older house returns, approximate Treasury yields and fixed spread deductions. The table shows unhedged ten-year annual estimates before fees and investor taxes. The same calculations feed the default current assumptions, Forecaster and optimizer transfer.
| Asset / proxy | Observed | Starting yield | Duration | Credit / reserve effect | Central return |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IG Corporate (LQD)Scope and assumptionsLQD: US dollar investment-grade corporate bonds; iBoxx USD liquid corporate proxy. Yield to worst 6.089% and effective duration 7.643 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1981 to 2024 corporate one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 0.082%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.049%. All selected holdings have usable yield observations. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 6.09% | 7.64 years | -0.052 pp | 6.04% |
High Yield (HYG)Scope and assumptionsHYG: US dollar high-yield corporate bonds; iBoxx USD liquid high-yield proxy. Yield to worst 7.553% and effective duration 3.208 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1981 to 2024 corporate one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 3.325%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 1.978%. 0.857% non-accrual/defaulted market value retained; a one-time 50% value reserve centrally, 100% in stress. The prior is applied only to the remaining performing sleeve. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +2 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Callable/prepayable exposure uses explicit duration multipliers 1.25 in rising-yield stress and 0.75 in falling-yield sensitivity; these are assumptions, not a full option/prepayment model. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 7.55% | 3.21 years | -2.141 pp | 5.41% |
EM Sovereign (EMB)Scope and assumptionsEMB: US dollar emerging-market sovereign and quasi-sovereign debt; J.P. Morgan EMBI Global Core proxy. Yield to worst 6.982% and effective duration 6.375 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1975 to 2025 foreign-currency sovereign one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 1.736%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 1.038%. 0.356% non-accrual/defaulted market value retained; a one-time 50% value reserve centrally, 100% in stress. The prior is applied only to the remaining performing sleeve. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +2 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 6.98% | 6.37 years | -1.118 pp | 5.86% |
EM Local Currency (LEMB)Scope and assumptionsLEMB: Emerging-market sovereign bonds in their actual local currencies; J.P. Morgan GBI-EM 15% cap/4% floor proxy. Yield to worst 7.438% and effective duration 5.238 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1993 to 2025 local-currency sovereign one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 0.160%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.096%. All selected holdings have usable yield observations. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +2 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: PYG 4.1%, UYU 4.1%, RSD 4.0%, DOP 4.0%, TRY 4.0%, BRL 4.1%, CLP 3.9%, PEN 3.9%, ZAR 4.1%, HUF 3.9%, COP 3.9%, MXN 5.4%, PLN 4.4%, INR 9.0%, CNY 15.4%, CZK 3.9%, RON 3.9%, IDR 4.9%, THB 4.2%, MYR 4.9%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 7.44% | 5.24 years | -0.102 pp | 7.34% |
US Muni 1-15 Yr (TAXI)Scope and assumptionsTAXI: ICE intermediate tax-exempt investment-grade municipals; proxy for the app's 1-15-year municipal blend. Yield to worst 4.170% and effective duration 4.680 years, observed 2026-09-25; issuer portfolio yield to worst. 0.05% annual IG municipal default planning allowance; a conservative model assumption, not a measured current fund default probability. Default prior 0.050%/year; assumed recovery 50%; annual performing credit loss 0.025%. Issuer aggregate: individual missing-yield coverage is not published. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Callable/prepayable exposure uses explicit duration multipliers 1.25 in rising-yield stress and 0.75 in falling-yield sensitivity; these are assumptions, not a full option/prepayment model. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 4.17% | 4.68 years | -0.026 pp | 4.14% |
US Muni High Yield (CGHM)Scope and assumptionsCGHM: Capital Group Municipal High-Income active portfolio proxy, including lower-rated investment-grade and high-yield/unrated US municipal debt; not an exact broad-index replication. Yield to worst 5.500% and effective duration 8.100 years, observed 2026-09-25; issuer portfolio yield to worst. 1.2% annual high-income municipal default planning prior, rounded from the separately dated 1.19% historical study; applied to the entire active proxy because a usable current rating breakdown is unavailable. Default prior 1.200%/year; assumed recovery 50%; annual performing credit loss 0.600%. Issuer aggregate: individual missing-yield coverage is not published. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +2 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Callable/prepayable exposure uses explicit duration multipliers 1.25 in rising-yield stress and 0.75 in falling-yield sensitivity; these are assumptions, not a full option/prepayment model. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 5.50% | 8.10 years | -0.628 pp | 4.87% |
US Securitized (AGG)Scope and assumptionsAGG: US aggregate securitized sleeve only: agency mortgage pass-throughs, ABS and CMBS, weighted by actual market value. Yield to worst 5.780% and effective duration 5.713 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current sector weights × explicit annual default allowances: 0.01% government/agency/agency-MBS/supranational, 0.14% other investment-grade credit/ABS/CMBS. The latter uses the corporate BBB historical prior as a conservative proxy; it is not a tranche cash-flow or issuer-level default model. Default prior 0.020%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.012%. 0.024% non-accrual/defaulted market value retained; a one-time 50% value reserve centrally, 100% in stress. The prior is applied only to the remaining performing sleeve. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Callable/prepayable exposure uses explicit duration multipliers 1.25 in rising-yield stress and 0.75 in falling-yield sensitivity; these are assumptions, not a full option/prepayment model. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 5.78% | 5.71 years | -0.014 pp | 5.77% |
US Short Gov/Credit (AGG)Scope and assumptionsAGG: US aggregate government/credit sleeve with remaining contractual maturity from one to three years; excludes mortgages, ABS and CMBS. Yield to worst 4.912% and effective duration 1.788 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current sector weights × explicit annual default allowances: 0.01% government/agency/agency-MBS/supranational, 0.14% other investment-grade credit/ABS/CMBS. The latter uses the corporate BBB historical prior as a conservative proxy; it is not a tranche cash-flow or issuer-level default model. Default prior 0.040%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.024%. All selected holdings have usable yield observations. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 4.91% | 1.79 years | -0.025 pp | 4.89% |
US Long Corporate Bonds (IGLB)Scope and assumptionsIGLB: US dollar corporate bonds with remaining maturity over ten years; ICE BofA long corporate proxy. Yield to worst 6.477% and effective duration 11.607 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1981 to 2024 corporate one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 0.084%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.051%. All selected holdings have usable yield observations. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 6.48% | 11.61 years | -0.054 pp | 6.42% |
World ex-US Govt Bonds (IGOV)Scope and assumptionsIGOV: Developed-market government bonds outside the US in their actual currencies; FTSE WGBI developed ex-US capped proxy. Yield to worst 3.947% and effective duration 7.243 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1993 to 2025 local-currency sovereign one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 0.035%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.021%. All selected holdings have usable yield observations. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: EUR 54.6%, DKK 1.5%, ILS 3.4%, JPY 11.7%, GBP 7.1%, NZD 2.2%, CAD 4.6%, AUD 4.6%, KRW 4.8%, SGD 2.9%, SEK 1.4%, NOK 1.3%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 3.95% | 7.24 years | -0.022 pp | 3.93% |
EM Corporate Bonds (CEMB)Scope and assumptionsCEMB: US dollar emerging-market corporate bonds; J.P. Morgan CEMBI Broad Diversified Core proxy. Yield to worst 6.595% and effective duration 4.190 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current issuer rating mix × S&P 1981 to 2024 corporate one-year historical default priors. Own minimum annual allowances AAA 0.01%, AA 0.02%, A 0.05%, BBB 0.10% avoid treating zero observed defaults as zero risk. Unrated uses the B prior. Rating agency aggregation and quasi-sovereign coverage are proxy limitations. Default prior 0.936%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.558%. 0.585% non-accrual/defaulted market value retained; a one-time 50% value reserve centrally, 100% in stress. The prior is applied only to the remaining performing sleeve. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +2 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 6.59% | 4.19 years | -0.622 pp | 5.97% |
US Aggregate (AGG)Scope and assumptionsAGG: US investment-grade aggregate: Treasury, agency, corporate and securitized holdings weighted by market value. Yield to worst 5.456% and effective duration 5.733 years, observed 2026-09-25; market-value-weighted yield to worst; zero accrual on explicitly identified missing-yield sleeve. Current sector weights × explicit annual default allowances: 0.01% government/agency/agency-MBS/supranational, 0.14% other investment-grade credit/ABS/CMBS. The latter uses the corporate BBB historical prior as a conservative proxy; it is not a tranche cash-flow or issuer-level default model. Default prior 0.047%/year; assumed recovery 40%; annual performing credit loss 0.028%. 0.006% non-accrual/defaulted market value retained; a one-time 50% value reserve centrally, 100% in stress. The prior is applied only to the remaining performing sleeve. Flat-yield central case, monthly carry and reinvestment, constant-duration first-order repricing. No extra roll-down, convexity gain or duplicated spread deduction. Yield to worst is an annual carry approximation, not an exact reinvested cash-flow IRR. Rate sensitivities ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. Callable/prepayable exposure uses explicit duration multipliers 1.25 in rising-yield stress and 0.75 in falling-yield sensitivity; these are assumptions, not a full option/prepayment model. Scenarios are sensitivities, not probability bounds. Currency basket: USD 100.0%. Unhedged with unchanged nominal exchange rates; no house FX premium. Currency risk remains and is not included in these rate/credit sensitivities. Gross of fees and investor taxes; municipal tax exemptions are not grossed up. Structural credit research reviewed 2026-09-07, due 2027-04-01. | 2026-09-25 | 5.46% | 5.73 years | -0.030 pp | 5.43% |
Income, losses and changing yields
For portfolios with published holdings we weight each bond's yield to worst and effective duration by its market value. We exclude cash from the bond sleeve. The central case compounds monthly carry, less expected credit losses, while maintaining the portfolio's duration and credit-quality mix. It assumes unchanged yields and no additional roll-down gain. Yield to worst is a practical carry approximation; a changing fund does not promise that exact cash-flow return.
Corporate and sovereign loss allowances use today's rating mix multiplied by separately dated historical annual default rates and loss given default. Foreign-currency and local-currency sovereign studies are distinct. Recovery is a planning assumption: 40% for these corporate/sovereign models and 50% for municipal models. Minimum allowances on the highest ratings avoid interpreting a history with no defaults as proof of no risk. Unrated corporate/sovereign holdings use the relevant B-rated prior. This does not predict individual defaults or explicitly model rating migration and forced-sale losses.
The short government/credit sleeve is drawn from AGG holdings with one to three years remaining, excluding securitized assets. The securitized sleeve contains agency mortgage pass-throughs, ABS and CMBS. These use their actual sector weights with explicit annual default allowances of 0.01% for government/agency/supranational exposure and 0.14% for other investment-grade credit. The latter is a BBB corporate proxy, not measured structured-credit tranche risk. The municipal models use explicit annual default priors of 0.05% for investment grade and 1.2% for high income. Those sector assumptions are less granular than the rating-weighted models and remain material limitations.
TAXI represents intermediate investment-grade municipals; CGHM is an active high-income municipal proxy containing some investment-grade bonds. Neither is claimed to replicate the app's broad asset class exactly. Their issuer aggregate yields do not establish complete individual-holding yield coverage. Municipal yields are used as published, without assuming the investor qualifies for a tax exemption or converting them to tax-equivalent yields.
Missing observations and stress cases
Missing or extreme holding yields are retained in the market-value denominator with no assumed income. More than 3% missing or unreliable yield coverage rejects a holdings-derived forecast. For the retained non-accrual/defaulted sleeve, the central case reserves half its current market value once, and stress reserves all of it. That reserve is an explicit uncertainty allowance; it does not claim to estimate recoveries on those particular distressed securities. Already-defaulted positions are not assumed to default again every year.
Separate sensitivities move yields gradually by ±1.5 percentage points, widen credit yields by one or two points, double default rates and lower recovery to 20%. Combined stress applies both rate and credit changes. Callable and mortgage-sensitive portfolios use duration multipliers of 1.25 in rising-yield stress and 0.75 in falling-yield sensitivity. These are disclosed stress choices, not measured future option exercise or prepayment paths. There is no invented convexity bonus. The displayed lower and upper figures are scenario extremes, not confidence intervals, exhaustive worst cases or guarantees.
Actual currencies, regular updates and limits
EM local debt retains its actual local-currency basket; World ex-US government bonds retain their developed-market currencies. A fund's USD listing currency is not its underlying bond currency. The central model assumes unchanged nominal exchange rates for every currency and adds no asset-manager FX premium. This neutral assumption is uncertain, particularly in higher-inflation markets. Rate and credit sensitivities omit currency shocks; historical currency risk remains in the app's selected risk model. Supported hedged variants instead include monthly currency financing and a dealing allowance, using the actual currency basket. Unsupported hedges cannot take these unhedged forecasts.
Hedging uses covered-interest-parity ratios from current overnight benchmarks, with explicitly labelled central-bank policy-rate proxies where traded benchmarks are not available. Each currency keeps its own source date. The model resets the foreign start-notional monthly and compounds its payoff with bond income; domestic holdings incur no currency hedge. The assumed annual dealing allowance is five basis points of foreign exposure. Current financing rates stay flat, and an additional sensitivity changes annual hedge carry by plus or minus one percentage point of foreign exposure. Policy proxies, rate conventions and unobserved cross-currency basis are meaningful limitations, especially for less liquid currencies; these are planning estimates, not executable forward quotes or a forecast of future rate paths.
The daily collection job checks fund identity, observation dates, units, weights and coverage, then runs forecast checks, tests and a build before publishing. Market observations expire after ten calendar days, including ratings where used. Failed collection cannot stamp an old observation as current. Structural default/recovery research has its own review date (2026-09-07) and deadline (2027-04-01); historical research periods remain visible. An exact security-level model with currency-specific curves, migration, turnover, option-adjusted cash flows and implementation costs would require more inputs. These are transparent portfolio planning approximations, not a claim that such a full model or an external expert review has been completed.
Currency financing sources and dates
- AUD: RBA cash target, 4.35% (policy-proxy), 2026-08-12. Policy effective date; verifiedAt is the separate check of the live current-rate source. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- NZD: RBNZ OCR, 2.75% (policy-proxy), 2026-09-18. BIS daily policy-rate observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- ILS: Bank of Israel policy rate, 3.25% (policy-proxy), 2026-09-28. Bank of Israel daily policy-rate observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- KRW: Bank of Korea base rate, 3% (policy-proxy), 2026-08-27. Policy decision date; verifiedAt separately records checking the current central-bank rate display. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- SEK: Riksbank policy rate, 1.75% (policy-proxy), 2026-08-26. Policy effective date; verifiedAt is the separate check of the live current-rate source. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- DKK: Danmarks Nationalbank certificates of deposit rate, 2.1% (policy-proxy), 2026-09-11. Policy effective date; verifiedAt is the separate check of the live current-rate source. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- JPY: BOJ overnight call target, 1.25% (policy-proxy), 2026-09-24. Policy effective date; verifiedAt is the separate check of the live current-rate source. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- NOK: Norges Bank policy rate, 4.5% (policy-proxy), 2026-09-25. Norges Bank daily policy-rate observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- USD: SOFR, 3.9% (overnight), 2026-09-25. overnight observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- CAD: CORRA, 2.3% (overnight), 2026-09-25. overnight observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- EUR: ESTR, 2.44% (overnight), 2026-09-25. overnight observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- GBP: SONIA, 3.7305% (overnight), 2026-09-24. overnight observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- ZAR: ZARONIA, 7.111% (overnight), 2026-09-25. overnight observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- SGD: SORA, 1.4974% (overnight), 2026-09-25. overnight observation. These inputs expire after ten days; a failed download never refreshes the source date.
- S&P 2024 corporate study, Table 4, weighted long-run one-year defaults (1981 to 2024)
- S&P 2025 sovereign study, Tables 4 and 11, calendar-year one-year default transitions (1975 to 2025 foreign / 1993 to 2025 local)
- VanEck March 2026 profile reports 1.19% annualized high-yield municipal defaults, citing Moody’s (1970 to 2022)
- Moody’s methodology recovery assumptions vary by seniority; 40% here is our planning assumption, not a current recovery quote
Fourteen local bond models
These models use dated GBP, EUR or CAD portfolio yields and rating mixes. The table shows unhedged ten-year conditional growth estimates with unchanged nominal exchange rates, before fees and tax. Each source keeps its actual observation date. Separate currency hedges use the portfolio currency and dated financing inputs.
| Asset / proxy | Currency | Observed | Yield | Duration | Credit effect | Central |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UK Gilts (IGLT)Inputs and limitationsIGLT: FTSE Actuaries UK Conventional Gilts All Stocks; sterling UK sovereign bonds. GBP portfolio yield 5.15% and duration 7.01 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Local-currency sovereign priors. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.012%; marginal-allocation range 0.012 to 0.012%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +0 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | GBP | 2026-09-25 | 5.15% | 7.01 years | -0.013 pp | 5.14% |
UK Short Gilts (IGL5)Inputs and limitationsIGL5: FTSE UK Conventional Gilts up to 5 years; short sterling UK sovereign bonds. GBP portfolio yield 4.59% and duration 2.18 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Local-currency sovereign priors. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.012%; marginal-allocation range 0.012 to 0.012%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +0 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | GBP | 2026-09-25 | 4.59% | 2.18 years | -0.013 pp | 4.58% |
Euro Government Bonds (IEGA)Inputs and limitationsIEGA: Bloomberg Euro Treasury; euro-area sovereign bonds. EUR portfolio yield 3.92% and duration 6.64 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Foreign-currency sovereign priors: S&P classifies euro-area national sovereigns this way because they do not individually control the euro. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.038%; marginal-allocation range 0.038 to 0.038%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +0 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 3.92% | 6.64 years | -0.040 pp | 3.88% |
Italian Government Bonds (IITB)Inputs and limitationsIITB: Bloomberg Italy Treasury; euro-denominated Italian government bonds. EUR portfolio yield 4.13% and duration 5.99 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Foreign-currency sovereign priors: S&P classifies euro-area national sovereigns this way because they do not individually control the euro. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.096%; marginal-allocation range 0.096 to 0.096%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +0 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 4.13% | 5.99 years | -0.100 pp | 4.03% |
German Short Government Bonds (EXHB)Inputs and limitationsEXHB: eb.rexx Government Germany 1.5–2.5 years; matching historical EXHB proxy. EUR portfolio yield 3.26% and duration 1.85 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Foreign-currency sovereign priors: S&P classifies euro-area national sovereigns this way because they do not individually control the euro. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.006%; marginal-allocation range 0.006 to 0.006%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +0 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 3.26% | 1.85 years | -0.006 pp | 3.25% |
German Government Bonds (EXHA)Inputs and limitationsEXHA: eb.rexx Government Germany 1.5–10.5 years; matching historical EXHA proxy. EUR portfolio yield 3.43% and duration 5.1 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Foreign-currency sovereign priors: S&P classifies euro-area national sovereigns this way because they do not individually control the euro. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.006%; marginal-allocation range 0.006 to 0.006%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +0 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 3.43% | 5.10 years | -0.006 pp | 3.42% |
Euro Covered Bonds (German proxy) (EXHE)Inputs and limitationsEXHE: German Pfandbriefe covered-bond proxy, matching EXHE history; not the entire euro-area covered-bond universe. EUR portfolio yield 3.75% and duration 4.02 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Corporate rating priors are a conservative planning proxy for this covered-bond sleeve; they do not estimate the benefit of dual recourse or model the cover pool. This calibration gap remains. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.006%; marginal-allocation range 0.006 to 0.006%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 3.75% | 4.02 years | -0.006 pp | 3.74% |
UK Corporate Bonds (SLXX)Inputs and limitationsSLXX: iBoxx GBP liquid investment-grade corporate bonds. GBP portfolio yield 6.08% and duration 5.35 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Corporate rating default priors. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.057%; marginal-allocation range 0.057 to 0.057%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | GBP | 2026-09-25 | 6.08% | 5.35 years | -0.060 pp | 6.02% |
Euro Corporate Bonds (IEAC)Inputs and limitationsIEAC: Bloomberg Euro Corporate; euro-denominated investment-grade corporate bonds. EUR portfolio yield 4.29% and duration 4.32 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Corporate rating default priors. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.055%; marginal-allocation range 0.055 to 0.055%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 4.29% | 4.32 years | -0.058 pp | 4.23% |
Euro High Yield (IHYG)Inputs and limitationsIHYG: iBoxx EUR Liquid High Yield; euro-denominated high-yield corporate bonds. EUR portfolio yield 6.52% and duration 2.51 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average bond yield: callable holdings use yield to worst; gross of fees. Corporate rating default priors. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 1.601%; marginal-allocation range 1.601 to 1.601%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +2 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 6.52% | 2.51 years | -1.684 pp | 4.84% |
Canadian Short Bonds (XSB)Inputs and limitationsXSB: FTSE Canada Short Term Overall Bond Index; Canadian dollar government and corporate bonds. CAD portfolio yield 3.67% and duration 2.84 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average yield to maturity, gross of fees; not confirmed as yield to worst. Only federal exposure receives sovereign priors. Other sectors use corporate rating priors as a conservative proxy, including sub-sovereign, agency and secured exposures. The issuer publishes rating and sector marginals, not their joint allocation; the central allowance assumes independence and the allocation bounds cover every pairing of those marginals. The issuer labels 0.26% as Other, not a credit rating. This residual is retained with a full-loss annual reserve and zero assumed recovery; it is not silently assigned investment-grade credit. More than 1% unclassified exposure requires review. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.280%; marginal-allocation range 0.279 to 0.282%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | CAD | 2026-09-25 | 3.67% | 2.84 years | -0.289 pp | 3.38% |
Canadian Universe Bonds (XBB)Inputs and limitationsXBB: FTSE Canada Universe Bond Index; Canadian dollar government and corporate bonds. CAD portfolio yield 4.09% and duration 6.73 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average yield to maturity, gross of fees; not confirmed as yield to worst. Only federal exposure receives sovereign priors. Other sectors use corporate rating priors as a conservative proxy, including sub-sovereign, agency and secured exposures. The issuer publishes rating and sector marginals, not their joint allocation; the central allowance assumes independence and the allocation bounds cover every pairing of those marginals. The issuer labels 0.18% as Other, not a credit rating. This residual is retained with a full-loss annual reserve and zero assumed recovery; it is not silently assigned investment-grade credit. More than 1% unclassified exposure requires review. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.199%; marginal-allocation range 0.197 to 0.200%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | CAD | 2026-09-25 | 4.09% | 6.73 years | -0.206 pp | 3.88% |
Canadian Long Bonds (XLB)Inputs and limitationsXLB: FTSE Canada Long Term Overall Bond Index; Canadian dollar government and corporate bonds. CAD portfolio yield 4.85% and duration 13.74 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average yield to maturity, gross of fees; not confirmed as yield to worst. Only federal exposure receives sovereign priors. Other sectors use corporate rating priors as a conservative proxy, including sub-sovereign, agency and secured exposures. The issuer publishes rating and sector marginals, not their joint allocation; the central allowance assumes independence and the allocation bounds cover every pairing of those marginals. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.019%; marginal-allocation range 0.018 to 0.020%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | CAD | 2026-09-25 | 4.85% | 13.74 years | -0.020 pp | 4.83% |
Euro Aggregate Bonds (SYBA)Inputs and limitationsSYBA: Bloomberg Euro Aggregate Bond Index; plain aggregate exposure, replacing the changed ESG/SRI IEAG proxy for current inputs. EUR portfolio yield 3.96% and duration 5.93 years, observed 2026-09-25. Issuer weighted average yield to maturity, gross of fees; not confirmed as yield to worst. Only Treasury exposure receives sovereign priors. Other sectors use corporate rating priors as a conservative proxy, including sub-sovereign, agency and secured exposures. The issuer publishes rating and sector marginals, not their joint allocation; the central allowance assumes independence and the allocation bounds cover every pairing of those marginals. Dated S&P default studies and explicit minimum allowances use the same research as the other credit models; 40% recovery is a planning assumption. Annual credit loss 0.036%; marginal-allocation range 0.034 to 0.037%. Flat-yield central path, monthly reinvestment and constant-duration first-order repricing; no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Rate shifts ±1.5 percentage points; credit stress +1 points, double defaults and 20% recovery. These are conditional path sensitivities, not probability-calibrated expected outcomes or confidence bounds. Published yield is a carry approximation, not a contractual cash-flow IRR; call/prepayment and rating-migration risks remain. Issuer portfolio aggregates; individual missing-yield coverage is not separately supplied. Small settlement cash balances are preserved. Gross of fees and taxes. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates; the same numeric return translates to each investor currency only under that assumption. FX uncertainty remains. Credit research review due 2027-04-01. | EUR | 2026-09-25 | 3.96% | 5.93 years | -0.037 pp | 3.92% |
Euro-area national sovereigns follow S&P's foreign-currency default convention. Aggregate portfolios have separate rating and sector totals. The central credit allowance assumes independence; allocation bounds test every possible pairing. Sub-sovereign, agency, secured and covered exposures retain conservative corporate-rating proxies where matched calibration is unavailable. Covered bonds have dual recourse; this model does not claim to price the cover pool or measure that protection precisely.
Canadian and State Street inputs are yield to maturity, without claiming yield to worst. Monthly carry is a portfolio approximation, not an exact cash-flow IRR. Missing individual-yield coverage and small settlement cash balances are disclosed. These limits remain relevant even though the current inputs and calculations are shared throughout the app.
UK medium index-linked gilts
FTSE 5 to 15-year RPI-linked gilts: 4.72% nominal GBP central growth over ten years, before fees and tax. Bond inputs: 2026-08-31. RPI survey: 2026-08-19.
Calculation and limitations
FTSE Actuaries UK Index-Linked Gilts 5 to 15 Years (IL04), 11 bonds: quoted real redemption yield 1.90% compounded semi-annually and modified duration 9.45 years at 2026-08-31. Monthly real carry is converted once to nominal GBP using 10-year RPI 2.758%. HM Treasury's 2026-08-19 compilation of independent annual RPI forecasts is used through 2030; these are calendar-year averages treated as annual rates. Later years use the terminal CPI forecast plus the DMO's post-reform 0.4pp RPI-CPI planning wedge. This does not apply another reform deduction to the published RPI forecasts. Flat real yields centrally; gradual ±1.5pp real-yield and ±1pp RPI shifts are conditional sensitivities, not probability-calibrated outcomes or confidence bounds. The factsheet does not identify the inflation assumption used for its lag-sensitive real yield and duration; these are administrator-quoted carry/repricing approximations, not a new valuation of every cash flow. Constant duration, first-order repricing, no invented roll-down or convexity gain. Indexation lags, exact coupon timing and index turnover are not individually priced. Gross of fees and tax. Unhedged, unchanged nominal exchange rates. RPI-linked UK payments do not protect another country’s purchasing power. Monthly bond observations expire after 45 days; the inflation survey after 120 days. This forecast update does not recalibrate the separate historical risk series.
FTSE basket analytics · Independent RPI forecasts · DMO post-reform convention
South African nominal government bonds
Current GOVI yield or domestic-rating inputs are unavailable. An old reference forecast is not substituted.
South African inflation-linked government bonds
Current South African linker yield, CPI or rating inputs are unavailable. The current model does not substitute an old reference forecast.
TIPS and remaining reference rows
TIPS uses TIP's dated portfolio real yield and effective duration. Real bond carry and repricing are converted once to nominal returns using the shared horizon-specific US inflation expectation. The result is already nominal when transferred to the optimizer. Distribution yield is not used as a real yield. Supported currency hedges include the same monthly financing model as other bond portfolios. US inflation protection is not protection against another country's CPI.
The central case holds real yields unchanged. Sensitivities move real yields by ±1.5 percentage points and expected inflation by ±1 point. Indexation lags, deflation floors, tax and exact cash flows are not individually priced. TIPS inputs expire after ten days.
There are now thirty supported current bond models: three government portfolios, twelve credit/international portfolios, TIPS and fourteen additional local portfolios. Each is unavailable when required inputs expire. The remaining local bond classes retain their separately described reference methods until their own overhaul. They must not silently inherit a different market's model.
What the numbers mean
These are planning forecasts before fees and investor-specific taxes. They depend on proxy fit, constant-quality reinvestment, credit priors and assumed future yield paths. Return uncertainty is larger than the displayed decimal precision. The app retains the selected historical volatility and covariance model; a new return estimate does not create an exact matching history for every issuer proxy. Forecasts do not imply issuer endorsement or an external expert panel's approval.
Frequently asked questions
How do you forecast bond returns?
Start with the current portfolio yield, compound income and reinvestment monthly, allow for credit losses, and test changes in yields using duration. The current issuer models add no unverified roll-down or convexity benefit. They are portfolio approximations, not exact security-level cash-flow valuations.
Do rising rates always mean lower long-term returns?
No. Higher yields reduce existing bond prices but increase subsequent reinvestment income. Which effect dominates depends on the size and timing of the move, duration, horizon and credit losses. A gradual shift and an immediate shock are different scenarios.
Can a government default in its own currency?
Yes. Monetary sovereignty does not remove all credit risk, and losses can also occur through restructuring, inflation or currency depreciation. The international sovereign models distinguish local-currency and foreign-currency default histories.
Are municipal returns tax-equivalent yields?
No. We use published nominal yields before investor-specific taxes. We do not assume that every investor qualifies for US municipal tax benefits.